Nicaragua: blood and fire
Sunday, January 9, 2011
Funnycell Phone Messages
I read in the world ephemeris the January 6, 1927 Marine United States invaded Nicaragua. I wanted to know the story, so I wanted to texts about and prepared to read to me carefully, and soon I was hooked and reading I decided to read a previous topic ..., then a further ... until, without letting me know as intended, I ended up in league Nicaraguan history from independence until the twenty-first century.
gladly share the summary that I created in my reading. I confess I came to despair in their manufacture, since it was unable to organize the events, read and reread and still not reached a higher level of understanding, I feared that my learning ability was diminishing ... But now I give the finishing touches, I realize that Nicaraguan history turns out, by analogy with "taxonomies" fine arts, baroque narrative, so their development swirling and depth in its details.
, the history ... begins just below.
NICARAGUA: BLOOD AND FIRE
Independence
This Central American country became independent in 1821, but it was not until 1838 which reached its sovereignty. As there are powers that do not respect autonomy ( disvalue that, for the misfortune of disadvantaged nations, is transformed under which emphasizes the privileged position of hegemony), the independent Nicaragua was tarnished for a long time by strangers seeking, in addition to wield its resources, to seize a key stronghold in other strategic zone.
Channel
The interference of the powers, though inaugurated by the English and British in the conquest, from abound after 1847, when it planned the construction of a canal that would unite the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The apparent profitability of the project, its ability to produce profuse wealth, attracted the British, who, putting aside his scruples, invaded the Nicaraguan town of San Juan del Norte where he was likely to lead to the river work.
was in 1850 when the United States and Britain agreed-disdaining the government of Nicaragua, the most affected, shared use of the future inter-oceanic route. This outrage shook the minds of Nicaraguans. Mercenaries
The quarrels between liberal and conservative groups trounced the daily life of the Nicaragua of the mid-nineteenth century. In order to give a blow unbeatable rivals, the Liberals in 1855 resorted to the controversial step of hiring foreign mercenaries, including the command of William Walker adventurer, took over the entire country. Walker was erected president ... during his regime gave rise to slavery-in vogue in the U.S., and tried unsuccessfully to annex Nicaragua to the North American power.
few years later an alliance centromericana ended his torrid administration in 1857. Intervention
tade Decades, in 1893, a Liberal, José Santos Zelaya , came to power, what the U.S. was not welcome because he supported the Conservatives, therefore, began to harass Central American country militarily. In 1907 he took to force the Gulf of Fonseca biennium and then taking the execution in Nicaragua of U.S. mercenaries as a pretext, he ordered his sailors to disembark. In 1910, the power achieved its mission to dethrone Santos Zelaya, instead imposing a puppet government headed by Adolfo Díaz . The Nicaraguan people, injured, try to curb the interference ... is up in arms ... The battle rages on in 1912. A treaty is signed disadvantageous for Latinos two years later, starring the then minister plenipotentiary Emiliano Chamorro and the government in power. The contract, known as the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty gives U.S. the right to construct and operate in perpetuity the work.
Wartime
a result of both internal and external pressures, the U.S. is bordered to dislodge his forces. This in 1925.
comes to power Carlos José Solórzano ... without delay a coup to overthrow it and hovers Emiliano Chamorro. Although Solorzano resigned to his fate, Vice President Juan Bautista Sacasa seeking asylum in Mexico and from there proclaimed Constitutional President of Nicaragua. The Mexican government helps to arm Chamorro [Mexico] and he appointed a general of his forces José María Moncada, who, at the ultimately going to sit in the presidential chair. The power struggles lighted fields and streets, rumpus that was the excuse for U.S. troops will return to "pacify." Adolfo Díaz was imposed again as president, beginning a second term more than a decade over the first. Moncada and his army moved through Nicaragua achieving triumphs that made him nervous to Washington, is when he decides to sign a deal with the uprising. In 1927, Moncada and the representative of hegemony, Henry Stimpson, concluded the Pact of Espino Black , legitimizing the puppet government, ordered the disarmament and they would call an election to be supervised by the foreign army. The elections, General Moncada access to the presidency. Many of the guerrilla leaders who initially opposed points of the pact submissive, end up laying down their weapons in exchange for broad prerogatives.
Augusto Sandino
Among the few warriors who rejected the peace accommodative count the legendary Augusto Nicolas Calderon Sandino , in whose honor the name will be given to the liberation forces that distinguish the entire stage revolutionary feat. Once declared war against the new regime, the forces of Sandino taken as standard the liberal red flag, but crossed by a black stripe, in an allegory set the fight for freedom that will only ceased at the death [Sandino]. Augusto Sandino
worked from 1921 to 1926 as a pawn away from Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico witnessed its tiring days. With the proceeds purchased the weapons later would use in their many battles. United States had made its sailors disembark on the shores of both oceans and had been neutral in these areas if they were attacked by anyone, the act would be considered a declaration of war, it was the drop that overflowed the glass, at which time Sandino decided join the resistance ... but it was well received, was diverted from its original plan and he and other rebels came together to form an army, organizing it in its fullness, thanks to the volunteers who came even from abroad attracted by the fame of the guerrilla [Sandino] came to pick up some 6 000 fighters [Sandino]. The agency called the Army for the Defense of National Sovereignty ( EDSN ).
their first confrontation since realized the guerrilla tactics and weapons superiority of his enemy, because it decided to depart from conventional warfare methods and adhering to the "guerrilla warfare . " Washington foresaw the change in direction and in an attempt to counter its effects, formed to counter-command who trained and provisioned (of which later would become the disastrous National Guard). After resounding successes of the guerrillas, exemplary of the Bramadero, foreign soldiers, previously referred to their enemies as "bandits", began to define its essence and referring to them as "guerrillas." U.S. in 1929 suffered the effects of incipient Great Depression, the crisis led to the government to look desperately for ways to cut their budgets significantly. More invasive problems the tenacity of the rebels enough so that those retreating, however, had not earned victory for free: about five hundred fighting had been delivered from 1927 to 1934 [Stanford], almost no home in Nicaragua that mourn the loss of a loved one, the country carrying a huge debt ...
Farewell to hero
Before sailing the U.S. government made an unconditional Nicaraguan orders, Anastasio Somoza García , head of the closest thing to an army that the country was: Guard National. Juan Sacasa was recognized as president and receives Sandino a peace proposal, which accepts. In such a situation the insurgents laid down their arms. The National Guard took their former enemies were powerless to retaliate and violate their rights. Augusto Sandino in person travels to Managua to denounce the crimes and seek to end, Somoza realizes that the guerrilla, while he lived, even times of peace arrived, he would always be a powerful enemy. That is how had him killed.
The leader is arrested along with several reliable men are taken to an isolated spot and there are executed shot. Occurred on February 21, 1934.
After the murder National Guard attacked several former guerrillas, perhaps to weaken them and prevent any retaliation. Socrates Sandino younger brother is killed in one attack. Somoza seems even said that the order to kill the rebel leader was received from the U.S. government.
A monarchy in the twentieth century Latin America
Two years later the head of the National Guard to the US-lazy eye defenestrated the current president, Juan Sacasa, to be elected president in a untrustworthy elections. On arrival of Somoza crimping the first link in the dynastic chain, in close alliance with the United States would rule based and enough tough tyranny for over 40 years. The stock Somoza lands captured wholesale, businesses and properties in general. Accumulated so much wealth.
In 1956, the dictator who was chatting at a party in his honor, was shot dead by poet Rigoberto López Pérez . Buddies of the executed, blinded by rabid paranoia, brutally repressed the people.
Luis Somoza Debayle
, alias "Tacho" a son of the tyrant just shot, then took his turn at the presidency. This Somoza died in 1967. He was succeeded by a government associated with the family that occupied the political summit by the following four years. The Somoza regain direct control of the nation upon being given to other heirs of Anastasio Somoza Garcia, this time Anastasio Somoza Debayle ("Tachito"), title Constitutional President of Nicaragua.
The way that it is concerned, the dynastic regime continued to scratch the 80's.
During the "monarchy" Somoza they had no qualms about showing their subordination to the U.S. government, then the attack on Pearl Harbor, for example, entered the Central American country, even his bulky ballast Financial World War II, just as nations send troops to the resident in which any rival U.S. hegemony dared raise their rifles, machetes or even their hoes. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Dominican Republic and Panama suffered first hand the aggressiveness of Somoza. Further evidence of attachment of the Somoza to U.S. hegemony was in 1961, the year of Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, sailed around legions who tried to destroy the government of Fidel Castro in Cuba, at term, the central United States intelligence ( CIA), the sponsor of the invasion, was one of the loudest defeats in its history that is stored chapter in the annals history under the heading of " the Bay of Pigs invasion ." There no evidence of attachment end of the dictatorship in Nicaragua to the United States: in 1967, that provided troops to fight on the side of its ally Vietnam.
In return for these favors, helped power the dynasty to hold on to power, coming, as we have seen, to bring its powerful navy to keep out the uprisings of ordinary people. Sandino
raises ...
Flying back to the early 60 we place the birth of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN ), an armed group founded EDSN by survivors who sought to stop the endless pit tyranny of the Somoza blood. This guerrillas gradually got stronger and more successful. In 1976 the front was split into several streams without reducing the sympathy aroused in the people. Joaquin Chamorro, the opposition politician and journalist, is killed by the authorities. The killings, rape, abuse, poverty of the majority ... created the conditions for the outbreak. The civil war begins.
The achievements of the guerrillas succeed, some important as taking the National Palace in Managua in 1978, which drove him to the government to release political prisoners. In 1979 it came time for the "final battle" of the FSLN derivative armies met in order to join forces. The uprising was brutally repressed. In cases where the State bombed populations was clear that only civilians.
At the setting of conflict, the revolt began to exceed the capacity of the Nicaraguan authorities and "Tachito" July 17, left the country heading into exile. A year later he was shot rifle and bazooka fire in the hands of the Argentine People's Revolutionary Army (ERP ).
The July 19, 1979 Sandinista revolution is consummated; popular armies triumphantly entered Managua, the National Guard surrenders. A governing board, whose members were the guerrilla leader Daniel Ortega and Violeta Barrios (widow of the late journalist Chamorro), rises to power. (The above would be in the future, each in his turn, president of Nicaragua). Counterinsurgency
The revolutionary triumph did not mean the beginning of a peasant and proletarian paradise ... but in practice was to lead efforts to improve the situation of the masses especially in basic literacy, health, education, labor and land reform. Classes missed el régimen extinto, incluidos empresarios multimillonarios y altos mandos de la vieja Guardia, abandonaron el país y, desde el confort del exilio, empezaron a organizarse y a proyectar un golpe contra el incipiente gobierno popular. En su senda fueron apoyados por Estados Unidos, primeramente por la administración de Reagan que fue relevada luego por la de Bush padre. El gobierno revolucionario tenía cierta influencia marxista-leninista, además de que era cercano al gobierno cubano, Washington simplemente no iba a permitir que otra nación latinoamericana absorbiera las políticas de la -en esos momentos- poderosa Unión Soviética (que baste recordar que el mundo era estremecido en esos días por la Guerra Fría .)
The resources accumulated by the counter were inflating, arriving at some point to put in check the enemy. The situation of the Sandinistas fell when he went to reload most of the burden of defense on the shoulders enervated the people, the crowd eventually bow and feel some animosity by their leaders. According to one version, the Sandinista Police captured people for that, even against their will, they fight from their side [a].
The U.S. interventionist tricks were effective to the extent that the government of Nicaragua had to spend half of its budget on military spending. Deplorable
were the costs of this war. Approximately 60 000 people died [Stanford] ... Lost assets whose value was estimated at 178 billion dollars [Stanford] ... The country was on the verge of collapse.
United States is found
The Nicaraguan nation suffered greatly as to their fate, the intrusion of U.S. power could no longer be ignored by the international community. The global consensus began to be biased in favor of weak contender in the conflict. In Europe formed bodies established programs to assist in the rapid development of Nicaragua.
The growing protests came to echo in the international court in The Hague, the judge, after weighing the actions of the empire, ruled that it should immediately suspend its sponsorship of the resistance. Obviously, the power did not heed the verdict.
In this situation the government of Nicaragua made a move that came as a surprise to counter collusion: electoral democracy. According to the government, international observers would be welcome to witness the impending democratic exercise. Elections occurred in 1984. The Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega was elected, though, in fact, he was president.
political scandal
Disdaining step towards democracy recently made by Nicaragua, the U.S. enacted an embargo against the nation. President Ortega was quick to declare a state of emergency, thus came the suspension of civil rights.
Within this context, the U.S. government is going to lead to a political crisis that will cause a stir in the world: the event, referred to as "Iran-Contra " starts when you unravel the direct funding to counter Washington Sandinista. The action violated international law whenever Ortega had come to power through democratic means. More dimmed the outlook for the U.S. when it was revealed how the funding was being covered up: Washington was selling large volumes of weapons to Iran, at that time engaged in a bloody war against Iraq, "thus violating a" boycott of security 'seal by the UN. As expected, strong protests in international forums followed.
After the storm ...
international pressure to bring peace to Central America, El Salvador and Guatemala also suffered wars, as well as rapprochement with late Sandinista government dialogue on the 'against', flourished in 1990, and ended in a truce and programming of future elections. The National Opposition Union (UNO ) motley alliance of political currents, gained electoral victory, in the person of Violeta Barrios. Daniel Ortega conceded defeat and congratulated the new president. A group of alliance winning, being in disagreement with some of the actions implemented by Barrios in its infancy, defined as splintered opposition political force. The president sought to improve the country's relations with Washington, which upset their age who had experienced the assault of the invader. Barrios administration tried to return property expropriated during the Sandinista administration to its previous owners, most wealthy, but the return was impossible, since the popular organizations, the current owners felt they had paid more than any good, sweat and blood, for his services during the war.
On subsequent ballots, the right options continued to be favored by popular suffrage.
In 2007, the course took a turn and Nicaraguan Sandinista Daniel Ortega was once again elected president of Nicaragua.
Notes and sources:
- [Mexico] The Covenant of Black Thorn - Guido Clemente, El Nuevo Diario: http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2000/agosto/11-agosto -2000/opinion/opinion3.html
- [Sandino] Augusto Cesar Sandino - Wikipedia: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C._Sandino
- [Stanford] Timeline: Nicaragua - Stanford University: http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_sp/timeline/index.html
- [a] National Opposition Union - Wikipedia: http://es .wikipedia.org / wiki / Uni% C3% B3n_Nacional_Opositora
- Nicaragua: A stormy history - Nodo50: http://www.nodo50.org/espanica/histonica.html
- San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua - José Luis González Jiménez Tania Penha ; Nicaragua Caribbean Invaders, a chronology of events ; Manfut.org: http://www.manfut.org/juan/juan.html
- Emiliano Chamorro - Wikipedia: http:// es.wikipedia.org / wiki / Emiliano_Chamorro
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